Graphics — Health of Canadians in a Changing Climate

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Figure 5.1: The box colour for the SLCFs indicates either a new positive radiative forcing (red; warming) or a net negative radiative forcing (grey; cooling).
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Figure 1.1: The figure shows projected annual temperature change for Canada under a low emissions scenario (RCP2.6) (left panel) and a high emissions scenario (RCP8.5) (right panel) for the near term (top row) and the late century (bottom row). Projections are represented by the median of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) multi-model ensemble. Changes are relative to the 1986 to 2005 period.
Figure 1.2: The figure shows projected annual precipitation changes for Canada under a low emissions scenario (RCP2.6) (left panel) and under a high emissions scenario (RCP8.5) (right panel) for the near term (top row) and the late century (bottom row). Maps and time series of projected annual mean precipitation change (%) as represented by the median of the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) multi-model ensemble. Changes are relative to the 1986 to 2005 period.
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Figure 3.3: The orange boxes indicate that the health risk is increased, the green boxes indicate that the risk is reduced, while the grey boxes indicate that the direction of health effects based on current knowledge cannot be determined. Solid and dashed lines distinguish among clusters of impacts.
Figure 3.4: The map presents the net result of the combined changes in cold and heat mortality, mainly related to cardiovascular (+2.34% for the country) and respiratory (+7.82% for the country) disease.
Figure 3.5: Blue areas correspond to areas with significant amounts of precipitation, while brown areas correspond to areas with very low precipitation, increasing the risk of drought.
Figure 3.6: Blue points (Hirst sampling station), red (automatic sampling station), orange (other manual sampling station).
Figure 3.7: Blue areas correspond to areas with more than 10 days per year of extreme precipitation, while brown areas correspond to areas with less than 4 days per year of extreme precipitation. A Heavy Precipitation Day (HPD) is a day on which a total of at least 20 mm of rain or precipitation falls. Frozen precipitation is measured by its liquid equivalent: 20 cm of snow equals about 20 mm of precipitation.
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Figure 5.1: The box colour for the SLCFs indicates either a new positive radiative forcing (red; warming) or a net negative radiative forcing (grey; cooling).
Figure 5.2: The colours on the maps show a range from grey to deep red indicating a range of wildfire-PM_2.5 from 0.0 to 15.0 µg/m³.
Figure 5.3: Panel A shows the percent of Canadian landmass with average May to September wildfire-PM_2.5 concentrations above given thresholds, and panel B shows the percent of population with May to September wildfire-PM_2.5 concentrations above given thresholds.
Figure 5.4: Panel A shows the percent of landmass with average wildfire-PM_2.5 concentrations of 1 µg/m³ or more for 2013 to 2018 (May to September). Panel B shows the percent of the population exposed to average wildfire-PM_2.5 concentrations of 1 µg/m³ or more for 2013 to 2018 (May to September). Only provinces and territories affected at more than 5% (of landmass or population) are included in the panels.
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Figure 6.1: The three intersecting components of risk are hazard, contact rate (which, with hazard, determines exposure), and sensitivity. Adaptation (represented by the blue background disc) depends on the capacity to minimize, and respond to changes in each of these three components of risk. Green arrows show direct and indirect effects of climate change.
Figure 6.1: The three intersecting components of risk are hazard, contact rate (which, with hazard, determines exposure), and sensitivity. Adaptation (represented by the blue background disc) depends on the capacity to minimize, and respond to changes in each of these three components of risk. Green arrows show direct and indirect effects of climate change.
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Figure 6.5: Note: Bar chart showcases the evolution of human Lyme disease cases. Note that Lyme disease became nationally notifiable in December 2009. Data from 2009 and earlier are based on voluntary submission of information from provinces and territories in which Lyme disease was notifiable.
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Figure 6.7: Cryptococcus gatti lives as a yeast in the environment (1), usually in association with certain trees or soil around trees. Humans and animals can become infected with C. gattii after inhaling airborne, dehydrated yeast cells or spores (2), which travel through the respiratory tract and enter the lungs of the host (3). The small size of the yeast and/or spores allows them to become lodged deep in the lung tissue. The environment inside the host body signals C. gattii to transform into its yeast form, and the cells grow thick capsules to protect themselves (4). The yeasts then divide and multiply by budding. After infecting the lungs, C. gattii cells can travel through the bloodstream (5) — either on their own or within macrophage cells — to infect other areas of the body, typically the central nervous system (6).
Figure 6.8: The blue boxes indicate outbreak response, and the orange boxes indicate upstream preparedness. Examples of activities that may be components of outbreak management are shown in the green boxes. Dashed lines indicate how outbreak response may be triggered by early detection of disease risk using an upstream preparedness approach.
Figure 6.9: These risk maps measure the environmental suitability for the tick vector of Lyme disease Ixodes scapularis in Eastern and Central Canada using Earth observation data proxies for temperature (annual cumulative degree-days above 0°C) and woodland habitat. The environmental suitability is zero where there is no woodland habitat (lighter grey areas) and where the climate is too cold (dark blue areas). In areas of woodland habitat, and where climate is warm enough, risk of occurrence of tick populations varies from low risk (pale blue areas) through moderate, moderate-high, and high-risk areas (represented by green, orange, and red areas, respectively). The scale of suitability for the tick according to temperature conditions (with values from 0 to 1500) is obtained from a mathematical model of I. scapularis populations. Earth observation data for this map were not available for parts of Nunavut and the Northwest Territories (shown by dark grey areas).
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Figure 7.3: Robinne et al.’s (2019) Source Exposure Index (SEI) for Alberta (a) and wildfire exposure index for forested watersheds (b). In both figures, a higher value indicates higher exposure. The SEI is a spatial index that assesses source exposure based on the availability and demand for water in a watershed, the watershed’s forest cover, and the danger of a fire occurring in that area.
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