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Figure 4.5

Damage and recovery from flooding in Calgary in June 2013.

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Photos courtesy of: City of Calgary.

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Canada in a Changing Climate: Advancing our Knowledge for Action is the national assessment of how and why Canada’s climate is changing, the impacts of these changes on our communities, environment, and economy, and how we are adapting.

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Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Atlantic Provinces

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Key Messages
1.1Introduction
- 1.1.1Demographic profile
- 1.1.2Economy
- 1.1.3Changes in climate
- 1.1.4Previous work on adaptation
- 1.1.5Chapter approach
1.2Infrastructure is being threatened by increased flooding and erosion
- 1.2.1Introduction
- 1.2.2Adaptation approaches
1.3Climate change is exacerbating risks to health and well-being
1.4Indigenous experiences inform adaptation in Atlantic Canada
- 1.4.1Introduction
- 1.4.2Risks to Indigenous communities and culture
- 1.4.3Adaptation in Indigenous communities
- 1.4.4Indigenous knowledge systems
1.5Forestry, agriculture and fisheries are vulnerable to climate change
- 1.5.1Introduction
- 1.5.2Forests
- 1.5.3Agriculture
- 1.5.4Fisheries
- 1.5.5Aquaculture
1.6Building adaptive capacity will strengthen resilience
- 1.6.1Introduction
- 1.6.2Adaptation approaches
1.7Moving forward
- 1.7.1Knowledge gaps and research needs
- 1.7.2Emerging issues
1.8Conclusion
References

Québec

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Key Messages
2.1Introduction
- 2.1.1Introduction
- 2.1.2Background
- 2.1.3Quebec’s changing climate
- 2.1.4Overview of climate change impacts
2.2Vulnerability factors increase health risks associated with climate change
- 2.2.1Introduction
- 2.2.2Mobility and physical health
- 2.2.3Mental health
- 2.2.4Material and social deprivation
- 2.2.5Gender
- 2.2.6Outdoor work and emergency professionals
- 2.2.7Misperception of risk
- 2.2.8Adaptive measures
2.3Climate change poses significant risks to Indigenous Peoples and their environment
- 2.3.1Introduction
- 2.3.2Access to the land, mobility and safety
- 2.3.3Permafrost thaw and land use planning
- 2.3.4Food security
- 2.3.5Maintaining cultural integrity and Indigenous knowledge
2.4Urban environments are facing increasing climate hazards
- 2.4.1Introduction
- 2.4.2Extreme heat events
- 2.4.3Urban stormwater management
- 2.4.4Infrastructure issues
- 2.4.5Adaptive measures
2.5Coastal areas of eastern Quebec are under increasing threat
2.6Climate change impacts on water regimes, availability and quality
- 2.6.1Introduction
- 2.6.2Flooding
- 2.6.3Water availability and quality
- 2.6.4The St. Lawrence River
- 2.6.5Adaptation measures
2.7Ecosystem services play an important role in adaptation
2.8The agricultural and fisheries sectors will experience gains and losses
- 2.8.1Introduction
- 2.8.2Agriculture
  - 2.8.2.1Opportunities and risks related to crop growth
  - 2.8.2.2Winterkill risks
  - 2.8.2.3Crop pests
  - 2.8.2.4Hazards and yield
  - 2.8.2.5Adaptation measures in agricultural settings
- 2.8.3Fisheries and aquaculture
  - 2.8.3.1Changing conditions in the fisheries and aquaculture sector
  - 2.8.3.2Adaptation measures for fisheries and fish farming
2.9The energy, forestry and mining sectors will be particularly impacted by climate change
- 2.9.1Introduction
- 2.9.2Energy
  - 2.9.2.1Variations in hydroelectric generating capacity and risk of dam failure
  - 2.9.2.2Changes in energy demand
  - 2.9.2.3Risks to electricity transmission and distribution infrastructure
  - 2.9.2.4Adaptation measures
  - 2.9.2.5Other energy sources
- 2.9.3Forestry
  - 2.9.3.1Impacts on forest growth
  - 2.9.3.2Insect outbreaks
  - 2.9.3.3Droughts and forest fires
  - 2.9.3.4Forest harvesting
  - 2.9.3.5Adaptation measures
- 2.9.4Mining
  - 2.9.4.1Impacts on mine site operations and reclamation
  - 2.9.4.2Adaptation measures
2.10Tourism and financial sectors are feeling the impacts of climate change
- 2.10.1Introduction
- 2.10.2Tourism industry
- 2.10.3Insurance sector
- 2.10.4Finance sector
2.11Moving forward
- 2.11.1Research needs
  - 2.11.1.1Climate variables and hazards
  - 2.11.1.2Vulnerabilities and impacts
  - 2.11.1.3Adaptation
- 2.11.2Emerging issues
  - 2.11.2.1Water availability and quality
  - 2.11.2.2Commercial competitiveness
  - 2.11.2.3Opening of the Northwest Passage
  - 2.11.2.4Climate migration
  - 2.11.2.5Changes in behaviour
2.12Conclusion
References

Ontario

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3.0Key messages
3.1Introduction
- 3.1.1Geography
- 3.1.2Social and demographic profile
- 3.1.3Economic profile
- 3.1.4Chapter approach
3.2Ontario’s infrastructure is vulnerable to climate change
- 3.2.1Introduction
- 3.2.2Flooding
- 3.2.3Transportation in Northern Ontario
- 3.2.4Climate change risk assessments
- 3.2.5Asset management
- 3.2.6Interdependencies
3.3Nature-based approaches help address climate change impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services
- 3.3.1Introduction
- 3.3.2Impacts and vulnerabilities
  - 3.3.2.1Terrestrial ecosystems
  - 3.3.2.2Aquatic ecosystems and watersheds
- 3.3.3Resiliency and adaptation
  - 3.3.3.1Parks and protected areas
3.4Adaptive management is key for addressing impacts in the Great Lakes Basin
- 3.4.1Introduction
- 3.4.2Impacts and vulnerabilities
  - 3.4.2.1Environmental impacts
  - 3.4.2.2Social and economic impacts
- 3.4.3Resiliency and adaptation
3.5Adaptation improves forest health, carbon storage and biodiversity
- 3.5.1Introduction
- 3.5.2Impacts and vulnerabilities
- 3.5.3Resiliency and adaptation
3.6Climate change brings threats and opportunities to Ontario agriculture and food systems
- 3.6.1 Introduction
- 3.6.2Impacts and vulnerabilities
- 3.6.3Resiliency and adaptation
3.7Existing human health inequities will be worsened by climate change
- 3.7.1Introduction
- 3.7.2Impacts and vulnerabilities
- 3.7.3Resiliency and adaptation
3.8Progress on adaptation remains limited in Ontario
- 3.8.1Introduction
- 3.8.2Adaptation planning
- 3.8.3Implementation, monitoring and evaluation
3.9Moving forward
3.10Conclusion
References

Prairie Provinces

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Key Messages
Foreword
4.1Introduction
4.2Prairie ecosystems will shift and transform as the climate warms
- 4.2.1Ecosystem shifts
- 4.2.2Animal responses
- 4.2.3Biodiversity implications and adaptation strategies
4.3Floods, drought and wildfires are getting worse
- 4.3.1Weather hazards
- 4.3.2Hydrological hazards
- 4.3.3Societal impacts
4.4Collaborative water management reduces negative impacts
- 4.4.1Institutional mechanisms
4.5Climate change brings both benefits and threats to agriculture
- 4.5.1Impacts
- 4.5.2Adaptation
4.6Social groups have unique vulnerabilities and strengths
- 4.6.1Introduction
- 4.6.2 Vulnerable social groups
- 4.6.3Sources of social vulnerability
4.7Adaptation planning helps to reduce climate risks
4.8Moving forward
- 4.8.1Knowledge gaps and research needs
- 4.8.2Emerging issues
4.9Conclusion
References

British Columbia

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Key Messages
5.1Introduction
- 5.1.1Provincial overview
- 5.1.2Previous assessments and scope
5.2Indigenous Peoples in B.C. are experiencing and adapting to climate change
- 5.2.1Introduction
- 5.2.2Valuing Indigenous Knowledge Systems
- 5.2.3Climate change impacts for Indigenous communities in B.C.
- 5.2.4Conclusions
5.3Climate change brings increasing flood risks
- 5.3.1Introduction
- 5.3.2Flood hazards
- 5.3.3Observed and projected impacts
- 5.3.4Flood risk reduction strategies
- 5.3.5Key challenges and opportunities
- 5.3.6Conclusions
5.4Climate change is impacting British Columbia’s forests
- 5.4.1Introduction
- 5.4.2Biophysical impacts
- 5.4.3Enhancing forest resilience
- 5.4.4Wildfire risk reduction
- 5.4.5Progress on adaptation
- 5.4.6Challenges
- 5.4.7Conclusions
5.5Building a climate-ready agriculture sector is critical
- 5.5.1Agricultural climate change risks
- 5.5.2Agricultural adaptation programming
- 5.5.3Conclusion
5.6Adaptation continues to advance in B.C.
- 5.6.1Introduction
- 5.6.2Municipal and regional governments
- 5.6.3Provincial government
- 5.6.4Adaptation resources and challenges
- 5.6.5Conclusions
5.7Moving forward
- 5.7.1Knowledge Gaps
- 5.7.2Emerging issues
5.8Conclusion
References

Northern Canada

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Key Messages
Preface
6.1Introduction
- 6.1.1What is “North”?
6.2Climate change is severely impacting northern landscapes and ecosystems
- 6.2.1Impacts on the cryosphere
- 6.2.2Impacts on marine ecosystems
- 6.2.3Impacts on vegetation
- 6.2.4Impacts on terrestrial animals
- 6.2.5Cascading impacts
6.3Health impacts are intensifying and amplifying inequities in the North
- 6.3.1Introduction
- 6.3.2Mental health
- 6.3.3Food insecurity
- 6.3.4Health concerns related to contaminants
- 6.3.5Health risks from wildfires
6.4Safe travel in the North is threatened by climate change
- 6.4.1Introduction
- 6.4.2New dangers threaten Northern knowledge of safe travel
6.5Northerners are leaders and innovators in climate change adaptation
6.6Recognizing inherent capacity is key to building climate resilience
- 6.6.1Describing northern capacity
- 6.6.2Research
- 6.6.3Northern development and resilience
6.7Moving forward
6.8Conclusion
References

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