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Figure 3.6:
Determining factors of the Climate Change Vulnerability Index.
Determining factors of the Climate Change Vulnerability Index.
Source
Young and Hammerson, 2015.
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Map of Adaptation Actions
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Chapter
1
Chapter
2
Chapter
3
Chapter
4
Chapter
5
Chapter
6
Atlantic Provinces
View Chapter
Key Messages
1.1
Introduction
1.1.1
Demographic profile
1.1.2
Economy
1.1.3
Changes in climate
1.1.4
Previous work on adaptation
1.1.5
Chapter approach
1.2
Infrastructure is being threatened by increased flooding and erosion
1.2.1
Introduction
1.2.2
Adaptation approaches
1.3
Climate change is exacerbating risks to health and well-being
1.3.1
Introduction
1.3.2
Regional characteristics influencing health risks from climate change
1.3.3
Adaptation approaches
1.4
Indigenous experiences inform adaptation in Atlantic Canada
1.4.1
Introduction
1.4.2
Risks to Indigenous communities and culture
1.4.3
Adaptation in Indigenous communities
1.4.4
Indigenous knowledge systems
1.5
Forestry, agriculture and fisheries are vulnerable to climate change
1.5.1
Introduction
1.5.2
Forests
1.5.3
Agriculture
1.5.4
Fisheries
1.5.5
Aquaculture
1.6
Building adaptive capacity will strengthen resilience
1.6.1
Introduction
1.6.2
Adaptation approaches
1.7
Moving forward
1.7.1
Knowledge gaps and research needs
1.7.2
Emerging issues
1.8
Conclusion
References
Québec
View Chapter
Key Messages
2.1
Introduction
2.1.1
Introduction
2.1.2
Background
2.1.3
Quebec’s changing climate
2.1.4
Overview of climate change impacts
2.2
Vulnerability factors increase health risks associated with climate change
2.2.1
Introduction
2.2.2
Mobility and physical health
2.2.3
Mental health
2.2.4
Material and social deprivation
2.2.5
Gender
2.2.6
Outdoor work and emergency professionals
2.2.7
Misperception of risk
2.2.8
Adaptive measures
2.3
Climate change poses significant risks to Indigenous Peoples and their environment
2.3.1
Introduction
2.3.2
Access to the land, mobility and safety
2.3.3
Permafrost thaw and land use planning
2.3.4
Food security
2.3.5
Maintaining cultural integrity and Indigenous knowledge
2.4
Urban environments are facing increasing climate hazards
2.4.1
Introduction
2.4.2
Extreme heat events
2.4.3
Urban stormwater management
2.4.4
Infrastructure issues
2.4.5
Adaptive measures
2.5
Coastal areas of eastern Quebec are under increasing threat
2.5.1
Introduction
2.5.2
Reduction of ice cover
2.5.3
Increasing sea level, erosion and submergence
2.5.4
Impacts on infrastructure, populations and coastal ecosystems in eastern Quebec
2.5.5
Adaptation measures
2.6
Climate change impacts on water regimes, availability and quality
2.6.1
Introduction
2.6.2
Flooding
2.6.3
Water availability and quality
2.6.4
The St. Lawrence River
2.6.5
Adaptation measures
2.7
Ecosystem services play an important role in adaptation
2.7.1
Introduction
2.7.2
Shift and contraction of ranges and bioclimatic niches
2.7.3
Alteration of species life cycles
2.7.4
Emergence and spread of invasive species
2.7.5
Deterioration of ecosystems and ecological services
2.7.6
Adaptation measures
2.8
The agricultural and fisheries sectors will experience gains and losses
2.8.1
Introduction
2.8.2
Agriculture
2.8.2.1
Opportunities and risks related to crop growth
2.8.2.2
Winterkill risks
2.8.2.3
Crop pests
2.8.2.4
Hazards and yield
2.8.2.5
Adaptation measures in agricultural settings
2.8.3
Fisheries and aquaculture
2.8.3.1
Changing conditions in the fisheries and aquaculture sector
2.8.3.2
Adaptation measures for fisheries and fish farming
2.9
The energy, forestry and mining sectors will be particularly impacted by climate change
2.9.1
Introduction
2.9.2
Energy
2.9.2.1
Variations in hydroelectric generating capacity and risk of dam failure
2.9.2.2
Changes in energy demand
2.9.2.3
Risks to electricity transmission and distribution infrastructure
2.9.2.4
Adaptation measures
2.9.2.5
Other energy sources
2.9.3
Forestry
2.9.3.1
Impacts on forest growth
2.9.3.2
Insect outbreaks
2.9.3.3
Droughts and forest fires
2.9.3.4
Forest harvesting
2.9.3.5
Adaptation measures
2.9.4
Mining
2.9.4.1
Impacts on mine site operations and reclamation
2.9.4.2
Adaptation measures
2.10
Tourism and financial sectors are feeling the impacts of climate change
2.10.1
Introduction
2.10.2
Tourism industry
2.10.3
Insurance sector
2.10.4
Finance sector
2.11
Moving forward
2.11.1
Research needs
2.11.1.1
Climate variables and hazards
2.11.1.2
Vulnerabilities and impacts
2.11.1.3
Adaptation
2.11.2
Emerging issues
2.11.2.1
Water availability and quality
2.11.2.2
Commercial competitiveness
2.11.2.3
Opening of the Northwest Passage
2.11.2.4
Climate migration
2.11.2.5
Changes in behaviour
2.12
Conclusion
References
Ontario
View Chapter
3.0
Key messages
3.1
Introduction
3.1.1
Geography
3.1.2
Social and demographic profile
3.1.3
Economic profile
3.1.4
Chapter approach
3.2
Ontario’s infrastructure is vulnerable to climate change
3.2.1
Introduction
3.2.2
Flooding
3.2.3
Transportation in Northern Ontario
3.2.4
Climate change risk assessments
3.2.5
Asset management
3.2.6
Interdependencies
3.3
Nature-based approaches help address climate change impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services
3.3.1
Introduction
3.3.2
Impacts and vulnerabilities
3.3.2.1
Terrestrial ecosystems
3.3.2.2
Aquatic ecosystems and watersheds
3.3.3
Resiliency and adaptation
3.3.3.1
Parks and protected areas
3.4
Adaptive management is key for addressing impacts in the Great Lakes Basin
3.4.1
Introduction
3.4.2
Impacts and vulnerabilities
3.4.2.1
Environmental impacts
3.4.2.2
Social and economic impacts
3.4.3
Resiliency and adaptation
3.5
Adaptation improves forest health, carbon storage and biodiversity
3.5.1
Introduction
3.5.2
Impacts and vulnerabilities
3.5.3
Resiliency and adaptation
3.6
Climate change brings threats and opportunities to Ontario agriculture and food systems
3.6.1
Introduction
3.6.2
Impacts and vulnerabilities
3.6.3
Resiliency and adaptation
3.7
Existing human health inequities will be worsened by climate change
3.7.1
Introduction
3.7.2
Impacts and vulnerabilities
3.7.3
Resiliency and adaptation
3.8
Progress on adaptation remains limited in Ontario
3.8.1
Introduction
3.8.2
Adaptation planning
3.8.3
Implementation, monitoring and evaluation
3.9
Moving forward
3.9.1
Governance
3.9.2
Access, format and interpretation of climate change data
3.9.3
Uncertainty of climate change impacts on lake water balance
3.9.4
Regional risk transfer to the Great Lakes Basin stemming from climate change
3.9.5
Climate change impacts on Indigenous culture and mental health
3.9.6
Innovative financial mechanisms
3.10
Conclusion
References
Prairie Provinces
View Chapter
Key Messages
Foreword
4.1
Introduction
4.2
Prairie ecosystems will shift and transform as the climate warms
4.2.1
Ecosystem shifts
4.2.2
Animal responses
4.2.3
Biodiversity implications and adaptation strategies
4.3
Floods, drought and wildfires are getting worse
4.3.1
Weather hazards
4.3.2
Hydrological hazards
4.3.3
Societal impacts
4.4
Collaborative water management reduces negative impacts
4.4.1
Institutional mechanisms
4.5
Climate change brings both benefits and threats to agriculture
4.5.1
Impacts
4.5.2
Adaptation
4.6
Social groups have unique vulnerabilities and strengths
4.6.1
Introduction
4.6.2
Vulnerable social groups
4.6.3
Sources of social vulnerability
4.7
Adaptation planning helps to reduce climate risks
4.7.1
Introduction
4.7.2
Community-based adaptation planning and action
4.7.3
Adaptation mainstreaming
4.7.4
Limitations of current adaptation and resilience planning
4.8
Moving forward
4.8.1
Knowledge gaps and research needs
4.8.2
Emerging issues
4.9
Conclusion
References
British Columbia
View Chapter
Key Messages
5.1
Introduction
5.1.1
Provincial overview
5.1.2
Previous assessments and scope
5.2
Indigenous Peoples in B.C. are experiencing and adapting to climate change
5.2.1
Introduction
5.2.2
Valuing Indigenous Knowledge Systems
5.2.3
Climate change impacts for Indigenous communities in B.C.
5.2.4
Conclusions
5.3
Climate change brings increasing flood risks
5.3.1
Introduction
5.3.2
Flood hazards
5.3.3
Observed and projected impacts
5.3.4
Flood risk reduction strategies
5.3.5
Key challenges and opportunities
5.3.6
Conclusions
5.4
Climate change is impacting British Columbia’s forests
5.4.1
Introduction
5.4.2
Biophysical impacts
5.4.3
Enhancing forest resilience
5.4.4
Wildfire risk reduction
5.4.5
Progress on adaptation
5.4.6
Challenges
5.4.7
Conclusions
5.5
Building a climate-ready agriculture sector is critical
5.5.1
Agricultural climate change risks
5.5.2
Agricultural adaptation programming
5.5.3
Conclusion
5.6
Adaptation continues to advance in B.C.
5.6.1
Introduction
5.6.2
Municipal and regional governments
5.6.3
Provincial government
5.6.4
Adaptation resources and challenges
5.6.5
Conclusions
5.7
Moving forward
5.7.1
Knowledge Gaps
5.7.2
Emerging issues
5.8
Conclusion
References
Northern Canada
View Chapter
Key Messages
Preface
6.1
Introduction
6.1.1
What is “North”?
6.2
Climate change is severely impacting northern landscapes and ecosystems
6.2.1
Impacts on the cryosphere
6.2.2
Impacts on marine ecosystems
6.2.3
Impacts on vegetation
6.2.4
Impacts on terrestrial animals
6.2.5
Cascading impacts
6.3
Health impacts are intensifying and amplifying inequities in the North
6.3.1
Introduction
6.3.2
Mental health
6.3.3
Food insecurity
6.3.4
Health concerns related to contaminants
6.3.5
Health risks from wildfires
6.4
Safe travel in the North is threatened by climate change
6.4.1
Introduction
6.4.2
New dangers threaten Northern knowledge of safe travel
6.5
Northerners are leaders and innovators in climate change adaptation
6.5.1
Devolution and Indigenous self-determination
6.5.2
Impact assessment and co-management
6.5.3
Energy security and community resilience
6.5.4
Community responses to biophysical change
6.5.5
Integrated planning for marine traffic
6.6
Recognizing inherent capacity is key to building climate resilience
6.6.1
Describing northern capacity
6.6.2
Research
6.6.3
Northern development and resilience
6.7
Moving forward
6.7.1
Lack of data
6.7.2
Building resilience to multiple stressors
6.7.3
Recognition of health, well-being and societal impacts of climate change
6.7.4
Need for responsive decision making and co-governance
6.7.5
Recognition of Indigenous Knowledge and inherent capacity
6.7.6
Understanding the limits of adaptation
6.8
Conclusion
References
